## NAME

photo - Full-color images

## SYNOPSIS

$widget->Photo?(name?,?options)?

## DESCRIPTION

A photo is an image whose pixels can display any color or be transparent. A photo image is stored internally in full color (24 bits per pixel), and is displayed using dithering if necessary. Image data for a photo image can be obtained from a file or a string, or it can be supplied from C code through a procedural interface. At present, only GIF and PPM/PGM formats are supported, but an interface exists to allow additional image file formats to be added easily. A photo image is transparent in regions where no image data has been supplied.

## CREATING PHOTOS

Photos are created using the $widget->Photo. Photos support the following options:

-data => string
  Specifies the contents of the image as a string. The format of the string must be one of those for which there is an image file format handler that will accept string data. If both the -data and -file options are specified, the -file option takes precedence.
-format => format-name
  Specifies the name of the file format for the data specified with the -data or -file option.
-file => name
  name gives the name of a file that is to be read to supply data for the photo image. The file format must be one of those for which there is an image file format handler that can read data from a file.
-gamma => value
  Specifies that the colors allocated for displaying this image in a window should be corrected for a non-linear display with the specified gamma exponent value. (The intensity produced by most CRT displays is a power function of the input value, to a good approximation; gamma is the exponent and is typically around 2). The value specified must be greater than zero. The default value is one (no correction). In general, values greater than one will make the image lighter, and values less than one will make it darker.
-height => number
  Specifies the height of the image, in pixels. This option is useful primarily in situations where the user wishes to build up the contents of the image piece by piece. A value of zero (the default) allows the image to expand or shrink vertically to fit the data stored in it.
-palette => palette-spec
  Specifies the resolution of the color cube to be allocated for displaying this image, and thus the number of colors used from the colormaps of the windows where it is displayed. The palette-spec string may be either a single decimal number, specifying the number of shades of gray to use, or three decimal numbers separated by slashes (/), specifying the number of shades of red, green and blue to use, respectively. If the first form (a single number) is used, the image will be displayed in monochrome (i.e., grayscale).
-width => number
  Specifies the width of the image, in pixels. This option is useful primarily in situations where the user wishes to build up the contents of the image piece by piece. A value of zero (the default) allows the image to expand or shrink horizontally to fit the data stored in it.

## IMAGE METHODS

When a photo image is created, Tk also creates a new object whose name is the same as the image. This object may be used to invoke various operations on the image. These have the following general form:

    $image->method?(arg arg ...)?

Method and the args determine the exact behavior of the command.

Those options that write data to the image generally expand the size of the image, if necessary, to accommodate the data written to the image, unless the user has specified non-zero values for the -width and/or -height configuration options, in which case the width and/or height, respectively, of the image will not be changed.

The following methods are possible for photo images:

$image->blank
  Blank the image; that is, set the entire image to have no data, so it will be displayed as transparent, and the background of whatever window it is displayed in will show through.
$image->cget(option)
  Returns the current value of the configuration option given by option. Option may have any of the values accepted by the Photo method.
$image->configure?(?option? ?=>value ...)?
  Query or modify the configuration options for the image. If no option is specified, returns a list describing all of the available options for $image (see configure for information on the format of this list). If option is specified with no value, then the command returns a list describing the one named option (this list will be identical to the corresponding sublist of the value returned if no option is specified). If one or more option-value pairs are specified, then the command modifies the given option(s) to have the given value(s); in this case the command returns an empty string. Option may have any of the values accepted by Photo.
$image->copy(sourceImage ?,option value(s) ...?)
  Copies a region from the image called sourceImage (which must be a photo image) to the image called $image, possibly with pixel zooming and/or subsampling. If no options are specified, this command copies the whole of sourceImage into $image, starting at coordinates (0,0) in $image. The following options may be specified:
-from x1 y1 x2 y2
  Specifies a rectangular sub-region of the source image to be copied. (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) specify diagonally opposite corners of the rectangle. If x2 and y2 are not specified, the default value is the bottom-right corner of the source image. The pixels copied will include the left and top edges of the specified rectangle but not the bottom or right edges. If the -from option is not given, the default is the whole source image.
-to x1 y1 x2 y2
  Specifies a rectangular sub-region of the destination image to be affected. (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) specify diagonally opposite corners of the rectangle. If x2 and y2 are not specified, the default value is (x1,y1) plus the size of the source region (after subsampling and zooming, if specified). If x2 and y2 are specified, the source region will be replicated if necessary to fill the destination region in a tiled fashion.
-shrink
  Specifies that the size of the destination image should be reduced, if necessary, so that the region being copied into is at the bottom-right corner of the image. This option will not affect the width or height of the image if the user has specified a non-zero value for the -width or -height configuration option, respectively.
-zoom x y
  Specifies that the source region should be magnified by a factor of x in the X direction and y in the Y direction. If y is not given, the default value is the same as x. With this option, each pixel in the source image will be expanded into a block of x x y pixels in the destination image, all the same color. x and y must be greater than 0.
-subsample x y
  Specifies that the source image should be reduced in size by using only every xth pixel in the X direction and yth pixel in the Y direction. Negative values will cause the image to be flipped about the Y or X axes, respectively. If y is not given, the default value is the same as x.
$image->get(x,y)
  Returns the color of the pixel at coordinates (x,y) in the image as a list of three integers between 0 and 255, representing the red, green and blue components respectively.
$image->put(data ?,-to x1 y1 x2 y2?)
  Sets pixels in $image to the colors specified in data. data is used to form a two-dimensional array of pixels that are then copied into the $image. data is structured as a list of horizontal rows, from top to bottom, each of which is a list of colors, listed from left to right. Each color may be specified by name (e.g., blue) or in hexadecimal form (e.g., #2376af). The -to option can be used to specify the area of $image to be affected. If only x1 and y1 are given, the area affected has its top-left corner at (x1,y1) and is the same size as the array given in data. If all four coordinates are given, they specify diagonally opposite corners of the affected rectangle, and the array given in data will be replicated as necessary in the X and Y directions to fill the rectangle.
$image->read(filename ?,option value(s) ...?)
  Reads image data from the file named filename into the image. This command first searches the list of image file format handlers for a handler that can interpret the data in filename, and then reads the image in filename into $image (the destination image). The following options may be specified:
-format format-name
  Specifies the format of the image data in filename. Specifically, only image file format handlers whose names begin with format-name will be used while searching for an image data format handler to read the data.
-from x1 y1 x2 y2
  Specifies a rectangular sub-region of the image file data to be copied to the destination image. If only x1 and y1 are specified, the region extends from (x1,y1) to the bottom-right corner of the image in the image file. If all four coordinates are specified, they specify diagonally opposite corners or the region. The default, if this option is not specified, is the whole of the image in the image file.
-shrink
  If this option, the size of $image will be reduced, if necessary, so that the region into which the image file data are read is at the bottom-right corner of the $image. This option will not affect the width or height of the image if the user has specified a non-zero value for the -width or -height configuration option, respectively.
-to x y
  Specifies the coordinates of the top-left corner of the region of $image into which data from filename are to be read. The default is (0,0).
$image->redither
  The dithering algorithm used in displaying photo images propagates quantization errors from one pixel to its neighbors. If the image data for $image is supplied in pieces, the dithered image may not be exactly correct. Normally the difference is not noticeable, but if it is a problem, this command can be used to recalculate the dithered image in each window where the image is displayed.
$image->write(filename ?,option value(s) ...)?
  Writes image data from $image to a file named filename. The following options may be specified:
-format format-name
  Specifies the name of the image file format handler to be used to write the data to the file. Specifically, this subcommand searches for the first handler whose name matches a initial substring of format-name and which has the capability to write an image file. If this option is not given, this subcommand uses the first handler that has the capability to write an image file.
-from x1 y1 x2 y2
  Specifies a rectangular region of $image to be written to the image file. If only x1 and y1 are specified, the region extends from (x1,y1) to the bottom-right corner of $image. If all four coordinates are given, they specify diagonally opposite corners of the rectangular region. The default, if this option is not given, is the whole image.

## IMAGE FORMATS

The photo image code is structured to allow handlers for additional image file formats to be added easily. The photo image code maintains a list of these handlers. Handlers are added to the list by registering them with a call to Tk_CreatePhotoImageFormat. The standard Tk distribution comes with handlers for PPM/PGM and GIF formats, which are automatically registered on initialization.

When reading an image file or processing string data specified with the -data configuration option, the photo image code invokes each handler in turn until one is found that claims to be able to read the data in the file or string. Usually this will find the correct handler, but if it doesn't, the user may give a format name with the -format option to specify which handler to use. In fact the photo image code will try those handlers whose names begin with the string specified for the -format option (the comparison is case-insensitive). For example, if the user specifies -format gif, then a handler named GIF87 or GIF89 may be invoked, but a handler named JPEG may not (assuming that such handlers had been registered).

When writing image data to a file, the processing of the -format option is slightly different: the string value given for the -format option must begin with the complete name of the requested handler, and may contain additional information following that, which the handler can use, for example, to specify which variant to use of the formats supported by the handler.

## COLOR ALLOCATION

When a photo image is displayed in a window, the photo image code allocates colors to use to display the image and dithers the image, if necessary, to display a reasonable approximation to the image using the colors that are available. The colors are allocated as a color cube, that is, the number of colors allocated is the product of the number of shades of red, green and blue.

Normally, the number of colors allocated is chosen based on the depth of the window. For example, in an 8-bit PseudoColor window, the photo image code will attempt to allocate seven shades of red, seven shades of green and four shades of blue, for a total of 198 colors. In a 1-bit StaticGray (monochrome) window, it will allocate two colors, black and white. In a 24-bit DirectColor or TrueColor window, it will allocate 256 shades each of red, green and blue. Fortunately, because of the way that pixel values can be combined in DirectColor and TrueColor windows, this only requires 256 colors to be allocated. If not all of the colors can be allocated, the photo image code reduces the number of shades of each primary color and tries again.

The user can exercise some control over the number of colors that a photo image uses with the -palette configuration option. If this option is used, it specifies the maximum number of shades of each primary color to try to allocate. It can also be used to force the image to be displayed in shades of gray, even on a color display, by giving a single number rather than three numbers separated by slashes.

## CREDITS

The photo image type was designed and implemented by Paul Mackerras, based on his earlier photo widget and some suggestions from John Ousterhout.

## KEYWORDS

photo, image, color