\documentstyle[greek,twoside]{article}
\title{Greek Fonts for Textual Use}
\author{B Hamilton Kelly\thanks{Because I realize that ``double-barrelled''
    names cause confusion in the U.S., and since mine is even more
    unusual in that it does {\bf not} contain a hyphen, I should point out
    that my {\bf surname} is `Hamilton Kelly', and not just `Kelly'! (First
    name is `Brian', by the way.)}\\
    Royal Military College of Science\\Shrivenham,
    {\bf SWINDON}, SN6~8LA\\United Kingdom}
\newfont{\logo}{logo10}
\newcommand{\MF}{{\logo META}\-{\logo FONT}}
\newcommand{\SLiTeX}{{\rm S\kern-.06em{\sc l\kern-.035emi}\kern-.06em T\kern
   -.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}}
\newcommand{\exmp}[1]{\grbf #1 &\tt #1}
\newcommand{\bs}{\char"5C}
\begin{document}
\maketitle

Needing to write some Greek examples for my Adult Education evening class, and
being ignorant (at the time) of the existence of Silvio Levy's excellent work,
I created a selection of \MF\ driver files which used the definitions of the
maths font Greek characters (assembled into {\tt GRKTXT.MF}), together with
some other useful bits.  I used these to generate a Greek text font in normal
and bold weights, and also in italic and typewriter styles.

The characters are mapped to the intuitive Roman alphabet equivalents, as
shown in Table~\ref{gr-trans}, with the use of some ligatures to handle Greek
letters traditionally represented by two Roman letters.  These mappings are
{\bf not} everywhere the same as Silvio Levy's; in particular, note that he
uses `{\tt H}' to represent `{\grbf Y}'\footnote{The {\tt\bs grbf} font has
been used in all the in-text examples in this paper} (which is intuitive as a
capital, but not in lower-case [`{\tt h}'$\not\simeq$`{\grbf y}']) --- I feel
that my transliteration here makes the ``English'' Greek more readable, since
most of it tends to be in lower-case.  (Incidentally, I originally started
with more ligatures, for example, `{\tt ks}' and `{\tt rh}' for `{\grbf x}'
and `{\grbf r}' respectively; the latter caused a minor disaster with the
Greek for `I start' ({\grbf arh\'izw}) which has to be input as `{\tt
arh\bs'izw}'!) 

Since I was interested only in Modern (Demotic) Greek, which adopted the
``one-accent'' system in 1982, I made no special provision for accents: in
particular, there is no simple way of generating breathing marks.  I just use
the normal \LaTeX\ {\tt\bs'} before the accented letter: of course, this puts
the accent on capital letters in the wrong place ({\grbf \'Y} whereas it
should be {\grbf\'{}Y}), but one doesn't always need to accent capitals,
and \verb|\'{}| works when necessary. I recognize that using this form of
accenting precludes any attempt by \TeX\ to hyphenate the Greek words, but I'm
pretty clueless on {\em where\/} to hyphenate Greek in general!  Some time, I
ought to get around to making `{\tt;}' into a sentence-ending punctuation mark
(since Greek uses it where English uses `{\tt?}'), and perhaps provide a
raised dot for the Greek semi-colon; at present, all punctuation marks are in
the conventional (Roman) positions, without transliteration, so you type a
`{\tt;}' to get the Greek question mark. 

\begin{table}[tbp]
    \begin{center}
	\begin{tabular}{cc@{\hspace{1cm}}cc}
	    Greek & Characters & Greek & Characters\\
	    Letter & Typed & Letter & Typed\\
	    \exmp A & \exmp a\\
	    \exmp B & \exmp b\\
	    \exmp G & \exmp g\\
	    \exmp D & \exmp d\\
	    \exmp E & \exmp e\\
	    \exmp Z & \exmp z\\
	    \exmp Y & \exmp y\\
	    \grbf TH & \tt TH \rm or \tt Th & \exmp{th}\\
	    \exmp I & \exmp i\\
	    \exmp K & \exmp k\\
	    \exmp L & \exmp l\\
	    \exmp M & \exmp m\\
	    \exmp N & \exmp n\\
	    \exmp X & \exmp x\\
	    \exmp O & \exmp o\\
	    \exmp P & \exmp p\\
	    \exmp R & \exmp r\\
	    \exmp S & \exmp s\\
	     & & \grbf \s & \tt\bs s\\
	    \exmp T & \exmp t\\
	    \exmp U & \exmp u\\
	    \grbf PH & \tt PH \rm or \tt Ph  & \exmp{ph}\\
	    \exmp H & \exmp h\\
	    \grbf PS & \tt PS \rm or \tt Ps & \exmp{ps}\\
	    \exmp W & \exmp w
	\end{tabular}
    \end{center}
    \caption{Transliteration from Keyboard Input to Greek}\label{gr-trans}
\end{table}


To facilitate the use of these fonts, I have designed a \LaTeX\ style file
option {\tt GREEK.STY}, which ought to be usable with any normal \LaTeX\
style; at present, it is {\bf not} suitable for \SLiTeX.  The commands {\tt\bs
gr, \bs grbf, \bs grit} and {\tt\bs grtt} are defined, and will automatically
track any \LaTeX\ size changing command ({\it i.e.}\ {\tt\bs Large} will
invoke a 14pt {\tt\bs rm} font in a 10pt document style, and then selecting
{\tt\bs grbf} will select the corresponding 14pt Greek bold font).  Whenever a
Greek font definition is in force, the macro {\tt\bs s} is used to generate
the variant of lower-case {\tt\bs sigma} required at the ends of words.
(Silvio Levy's font takes care of all this automatically, however, I'm pretty
sure that my LN03 printer driver would fail if I needed more than 188
characters from his Greek fonts, because each \TeX\ font needs to be mapped to
a single LN03 internal font, which has a maximum capacity of two 94-character
``chunks'' in the GL and GR terminology of ANSI X-3.64.)

In the last few days I've been getting my hands dirtier with \MF, and have
changed the programs for a number of the characters; this was necessary
because they still exhibited that they were originally ``tuned'' for maths
setting.  The characters changed are as follows:\begin{itemize}
    \item The lower-case \verb|\alpha| was too wide and also extended right up
    to the right-hand edge of the bounding box; this has been shrunk by some
    judicious tweaking of points defining the pen stroke.
    \item The characters \verb|\iota| and \verb|\mu| also came right up to
    their right-hand sides; they have simply been redefined in a box one $u$
    wider.
    \item The character \verb|\nu| had a vertical left stroke; this has been
    curved and the serif (if any) blended in.
    \item The character \verb|\lambda| was too wide: fine for denoting
    wavelength and the like, but not very pretty in text; its width has been
    shrunk by one $u$.
    \item The character \verb|\kappa| is fine for maths, but not the form
    ordinarily found in Greek text; what is wanted is something like the
    \verb|\varkappa| provided by $\cal AMS$\TeX.  My first thought was to
    pirate that character from \verb|YSYMBOL.MF| (which we have) but of course
    that's for the old MF-in-SAIL; I have written something in \MF84 which
    approximates that character (please don't look too closely at the awful
    code!)
\end{itemize}

There is considerable scope for further work:\begin{itemize}
    \item As mentioned above, because the Greek character definitions were
    stolen from the maths fonts, spacing of some other characters is not yet
    perfect; furthermore, the actual form of some other characters (notably
    {\grbf z} and {\grbf x}) is not that normally expected in Greek text.
    Eventually, I shall have to tweek them myself, or steal the appropriate
    bits of Levy's fonts.  (As mentioned above, I feel that use of his full
    256-character font would cause problems at this site.) 
    \item To make {\tt GREEK.STY} work with \SLiTeX\ as well, I shall have to
    re-write {\tt SFONTS.TEX} to use a font size changing strategy akin to
    that used by {\tt LFONTS.TEX}, this will also permit the use of {\tt
    CYRILLIC.STY} (which we have also modified to track automatically \LaTeX\
    size changes) with \SLiTeX; quite frankly, I could never understand why
    {\tt SFONTS.TEX} preloads all those fonts, when load-on-demand would seem
    much more useful for the contexts in which \SLiTeX\ is used.
    \item I haven't made any ``guillemets'' style quotation marks.
\end{itemize}

Finally, an example; I don't know whether Silvio Levy asked the copyright
holder's permission to reproduce his example from Kazantzakis' ``Symposium'',
but I haven't!  I have, however, followed modern usage of the one-accent
system.  (I have also corrected what I presume to be a ``typo''; it may be, of
course, that Kazantzakis actually wrote what was printed in Levy's article,
but I feel that {\grit m' \'ezwsan} [``encircled me''] makes more sense when
referring to lightning than {\grit m' \'exwsan} [``evicted me''] --- 
my {\grit Meg\'alo ep\'itomo lexik\'on ty\s\ Ellynik\'y\s\ gl\'wssa\s\/}
[{\it ca.}~1500{\sl pp}.] doesn't suggest any other sensible meaning for this
verb!)

\def\bodytext{Ty stigm\'y to\'uty ni\'wthw p\'oso bar\'u 'nai to must\'yrio
ty\s\ xomol\'ogysy\s.  W\s\ t\'wra, kane\'i\s\ den x\'erei p\'w\s\ p\'erasa ta
du\'o hr\'onia mou sto \'{}Agion \'{}Oro\s.  Oi ph\'iloi mou tharro\'un pw\s\
p\'yga na dw buzantin\'a kon\'ismata \'y ap\'o mustikop\'atheia na z\'ysw
mi\'a perasm\'eny epoh\'y.  Kai t\'wra, na, ntr\'epomai na mil\'ysw. 

P\'w\s\ na to pw\@;  Thumo\'umai \'ena anoixi\'atiko deilin\'o, pou kat\'ebaina
ton Ta\'ugeto, mi\'a xaphnik\'y th\'uella me k\'uklwse kont\'a stou\s\
Pentaulo\'u\s.  T\'oso phober\'o\s\ anemos\'iphouna\s, pou \'epesa katag\'y\s\
gi\'a na m\'yn gkremist\'w. Oi astrap\'e\s\ m'~\'ezwsan olo\'uthe ki \'ekleisa
ta m\'atia m\'yn tuphlwth\'w, kai kat\'ahama, p\'istoma, per\'imena. \'{}Olo 
to pan\'upsylo boun\'o \'etreme, kai du\'o \'elata d\'ipla mou tsak\'istykan
ap' ty m\'esy kai br\'ontyxan h\'amou. \'{}Eniwtha to thei\'aphi tou 
kerauno\'u ston a\'era, kai xaphnik\'a x\'espase y mp\'ora, \'epesen o 
\'anemo\s, kai hontr\'e\s, therm\'e\s\ st\'ale\s\ broh\'y ht\'upysan ta 
dentr\'a kai to h\'wma.  To thum\'ari, y thro\'umpa, to phask\'omylo, to 
phlisko\'uni, htupym\'ena ap' to ner\'o, t\'inaxan ti\s\ murwdi\'e\s\ tou\s\ 
ki \'oly y gy\s\ m\'urise.}

\begin{flushleft}\parskip 5pt plus 1pt
{\gr \bodytext}
\end{flushleft}

And here is the text input to generate that:\begin{verbatim}
\begin{flushleft}\parskip 5pt plus 1pt
{\gr Ty stigm\'y to\'uty ni\'wthw p\'oso bar\'u
'nai to must\'yrio ty\s\ xomol\'ogysy\s.  W\s\ t\'wra,
kane\'i\s\ den x\'erei p\'w\s\ p\'erasa ta du\'o hr\'onia mou
sto \'{}Agion \'{}Oro\s.  Oi ph\'iloi mou tharro\'un pw\s\
p\'yga na dw buzantin\'a kon\'ismata \'y ap\'o
mustikop\'atheia na z\'ysw mi\'a perasm\'eny epoh\'y.  Kai
t\'wra, na, ntr\'epomai na mil\'ysw. 

P\'w\s\ na to pw\@;  Thumo\'umai \'ena anoixi\'atiko
deilin\'o, pou kat\'ebaina ton Ta\'ugeto, mi\'a xaphnik\'y
th\'uella me k\'uklwse kont\'a stou\s\ Pentaulo\'u\s.
T\'oso phober\'o\s\ anemos\'iphouna\s, pou \'epesa
katag\'y\s\ gi\'a na m\'yn gkremist\'w.  Oi astrap\'e\s\
m'~\'ezwsan olo\'uthe ki \'ekleisa ta m\'atia m\'yn
tuphlwth\'w, kai kat\'ahama, p\'istoma, per\'imena.  \'{}Olo
to pan\'upsylo boun\'o \'etreme, kai du\'o \'elata d\'ipla
mou tsak\'istykan ap' ty m\'esy kai br\'ontyxan h\'amou.
\'{}Eniwtha to thei\'aphi tou kerauno\'u ston a\'era, kai
xaphnik\'a x\'espase y mp\'ora, \'epesen o \'anemo\s, kai
hontr\'e\s, therm\'e\s\ st\'ale\s\ broh\'y ht\'upysan ta
dentr\'a kai to h\'wma.  To thum\'ari, y thro\'umpa, to
phask\'omylo, to phlisko\'uni, htupym\'ena ap' to ner\'o,
t\'inaxan ti\s\ murwdi\'e\s\ tou\s\ ki \'oly y gy\s\
m\'urise.}
\end{flushleft}\end{verbatim}
(Note particularly the `\verb|\@;|' to make the Greek question mark end the
sentence; also the use of `\verb|\'{}|' to put the accents {\em before\/} the
capital letters.)

Here it is again, but this time in the italic face:
\begin{flushleft}\parskip 5pt plus 1pt
{\grit \bodytext}
\end{flushleft}

And again, but in the bold extended form:
\begin{flushleft}\parskip 5pt plus 1pt
{\grbf \bodytext}
\end{flushleft}

And one last time, in the Greek typewriter font:
\begin{flushleft}\parskip 5pt plus 1pt
{\grtt \bodytext}
\end{flushleft}


\end{document} 
